PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a common hormonal disorder that affects approximately 5-10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries (ovaries with many small cysts). While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to be related to insulin resistance and genetics.
Some of the key symptoms of PCOS include:
- Irregular periods - This includes infrequent, heavy, or prolonged periods. Many women with PCOS experience cycles longer than 35 days or have cycles without ovulation.
- Excess androgen levels - Higher than normal levels of male hormones like testosterone are common. This can lead to symptoms like excess facial and body hair growth, adult acne, and male pattern baldness.
- Polycystic ovaries - Enlarged ovaries with many small cysts, as seen on an ultrasound.
- Difficulty getting pregnant - PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women due to lack of ovulation. However, PCOS does not necessarily cause infertility if properly managed.
- Weight gain - Many women with PCOS are overweight or obese, especially with excess weight centered around the stomach. Insulin resistance promotes weight gain and makes it harder to lose weight.
- Skin tags - Small pieces of floppy skin that often form in the armpits or neck area.
PCOS increases the risk for serious health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, endometrial cancer, and depression. Proper screening and management is essential. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and weight loss can help immensely. Many women also need medications like birth control pills, anti-androgens, or metformin to regulate cycles and treat hormonal imbalances. If infertility is a concern, ovulation induction medications or IVF may be necessary.
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